Tec — The Education Consultancy

Topics covered

• The Arrhenius theory of acids and bases, its equations, and its limitations
• The Bronsted-Lowry theory — proton donors and acceptors — and conjugate acid-base pairs
• The Lewis theory of acids and bases as electron-pair acceptors and donors, including the NH₃ + BF₃ example
• Balancing neutralization reactions between acids and bases to form salt and water
• Water ionization, the ionic product constant of water (Kw), and its value at 25°C
• The concept of pH and pOH, the pH scale, and the relationship pH + pOH = 14
• Numerical problems: calculating pH, pOH, [H⁺] and [OH⁻] for given solutions
• Salts — definition, preparation, and the acidic, basic, and neutral types, with their everyday uses
• Buffers — their composition, acidic and basic types, and their role in resisting pH change